The usual action-puzzle title, hopelessly indebted to Tetris, builds upon a grid-based playfield with game elements falling from the ceiling; Digidrive ignores this, with elements appearing at four points and drifting smoothly down two perpendicular lanes. ¹ These elements, of three colors, are abstract vehicles crossing through an intersection, where the player redirects them using the d-pad. These cars stop once they reach a spawn point and stack with like colors; if a different color approaches, the cars previously stationed there will reverse course and return to the intersection. Stacking five cars at a spawn transforms it into a fuel cell for that color, although it disappears if not supplied regularly with more cars of the correct type, the timer for which inversely scales with the amount of fuel.

Tucked away on the official AARP website – the acronym formerly stood for “American Association of Retired Persons” – is an oasis of small arcade-style games; browser experiences perfect for an aging audience uninterested in metaprogression or buildcraft. Of these, Ballistic encapsulates the style: it reframes Breakout as turn-based actions, where the player shoots a stream of balls that ricochet off of walls and destructible blocks, waiting for each ball to land back at the bottom before firing the next volley. Instead of separate levels with fixed arrangements, all the blocks in the playfield shift down one row in an implicit grid after each turn, with the game ending when a block reaches the line the player shoots from. At the same time, a new row of blocks appears one row below the top, with at least one gap left for the player to sneak their shots in. Over time, this breaks the playfield up into two sections: dense blocks at the top, and stragglers creeping towards the bottom on every turn. A smart shot attempts to clean up both areas by trapping balls in a cave on the always empty top row behind multiple rows of blocks. Doing this while having the balls trickle down to the bottom section as they exit the cave keeps the playfield clean. Additional wrinkles prevent this loop from staling: ball pick-ups add to the number you shoot on every turn, and the “health” of the blocks (how many hits they can take before breaking) scale alongside your reserve, occasionally throwing in double-health blocks to ensure that some blocks actually survive down to the second layer. The simplicity of these aspects, the intuitive physics system, and a prominent scoring system (the game’s only goal, with a leaderboard prominently displayed) demonstrate why even nondescript browser games can still showcase the elegance of the medium.

Command-line interfaces are less a mystic channel of communication with an operating system and more a compromise. Writing graphical interfaces is difficult and time-consuming, and for the average developer, it’s much easier to implement text-based commands than get mired in the widgets, frames, and event-driven programming that comes with GUI creation. However, a CLI is also enticing for how easy it is to enable cooperation between different applications using a common set of commands: piping, redirection, and a slew of helper programs all support a robust level of control for the user.

Having soldified their position at the top of the “experimental” commerical gaming heap in Japan, NanaOn-Sha were able to let their hair down with PaRappa 2, moving past the idyllic picture-book narrative of the original game in the process. What this presents as is split between two equally disconcerting plot threads: the first a militaristic invasion of PaRappa Town by noodle enthusiasts, prompting late-game armed resistance by the protagonists, and the second a quest by PaRappa to be come a more “mature” lover. Look no further than Master Onion in a sleazy red tracksuit instructing PaRappa through the TV on his brand of romantic gestures (still mostly related to karate) as PaRappa tries them out on his enthusiastic best friend PJ.¹ Interspersed are scenes of PaRappa and his girlfriend Sunny’s respective fathers scrambling around on the ground, having accidentally shrunk from one of PaRappa’s dad’s inventions. The developers assuredly understand how ridiculous the scenarios are now, even compared to the off-kilter Um Jammer Lammy, and they sprinkle in non-sequiturs and little gags to add extra flair, from Master Onion going on a tangent about his legal problems to primary antagonist Colonel Noodles dropping nasty innuendo.² Even when they’re not necessarily going for a laugh, the stages still draw the player’s attention with dynamic visuals, such as with a galactic PaRappa looming over the earth during the even verses in the song Big.

Goemon is clinging onto that 1997 release date for dear life: it gets plenty of points just for implementing a serviceable 3D Zelda template before Ocarina of Time dropped. Even extending the timeline out to the end of the fifth generation, it’s rare to see games on these consoles attempt a relatively explorable world. Of course, what qualifies as a “vast” depiction of feudal Japan here (lovingly depicted by the map screen) ends up being extremely large, box-y rooms peppered with weak enemies and occasional flora. Konami’s design here fluctuates between purely functional point-A-to-point-B shuffling and attempts to capture the essence of grand vistas, if not its contents. Where the barren mountainsides and fields lack character, the towns make up for it, featuring denser landmarks and humorous NPCs. This works in Goemon’s favor as well, as the relaxed pace and silliness, punctuated by compressed canned laughter, keep the landscapes from having to summon wonder when they’re unable to do so; it’s merely a bonus when they add substance to the gaps in the humor. Some of these arise from unlikely places: at the end of the Festival Temple Castle, a pole of massive koinobori – fish-shaped windsocks – sits in front of a waterfall, dwarfing Goemon and his friends by multiple orders of magnitude. The experience of climbing up the koinobori, rotating stiffly around the pole, looms large with its vertical scale, making one feel minuscule in the face of it.

Although it’s technically a prequel to Solomon’s Key, Fire ’n Ice dispenses with that title’s action-oriented approach in favor of a tile-based Sokoban platformer, much like Catrap. Fire ’n Ice is slightly less raw than the latter, however. While the goal is identical – to eliminate all enemies on-screen – said enemies are fire spirits and must be snuffed out by contacting an ice block. Luckily, protagonist Dana can summon or dispel ice from above any tile directly diagonal to him (either down-right or down-left). Creating ice next to a wall fuses it to the surface horizontally, but one can extend it by another tile and then erase the initial tile, leaving a free-standing ice block for the player to manipulate as they please. However, the player can’t move these blocks tile-by-tile; they slide across the floor until they hit a wall, fall off a ledge, or contact fire and melt. As the game progresses, the player must learn to craft elaborate structures that will allow an individual ice block to eliminate a spirit in an awkward location, often while preserving access to another spirits in the stage.

Usually I would avoid talking about something as dry and static as enemy spawn positions, but for Ninja Gaiden, their naive implementation colors the entire play experience. Instead of enemies appearing once their spawn point is visible on screen, blatant spawn triggers dot the terrain, yanking the enemy into the play-space once you collide with the trigger. Unusually, the relative clarity of the spawns and the manner in which they’re deployed manifests taut positioning dynamics. The most vexing for a new player is that spawning the enemy and then backing up to secure one’s footing often fails, as killing the enemy and then stepping back into its trigger instantly revives it. When the player initiates the spawn, they must be prepared to push forward as they kill it. Pushing forward quickly enough can reward the player for this by despawning the enemy against the back wall, assuming they get beyond the enemy without killing it in the first place. However, enemy triggers rarely stack, with sequential triggers staggering their entrances. This inversely favors slow progression, dealing with each enemy one-by-one while standing ground to avoid respawns. At its best, the game creates scenarios that encourage the former, while at its worst, it lapses into slow-chug memorizer runs in the latter paradigm.

While the core conceit is a guy who punches stuff with robot arms instead of shooting, there’s a surprising amount of Mega Man DNA present here, even beyond the selectable stage system. The enemy designs draw from a similar pool of stationary gunners (including in the iconic upwards three-way orientation), flying popcorn enemy spawners, and larger robots with slow or repetitive movement. While Shatterhand effortlessly shifts between horizontal and vertical scrolling sections, it still uses the breaks between them to shuffle its deck, plucking new obstacles out to throw at the player. The frequent switches in focus and close-quarters combat help highlight more aggressive strategies instead of letting players hang back or charge their weapons.

Although it was mostly outsourced and didn’t get mainline status, Code Veronica vastly outstrips its predecessors in sheer scope. The first and second games set their primary areas up in an iconic orientation: two multi-floor building halves connected by pathways through a center hall. These were dense, with subsequent areas shrinking the scope considerably; Resident Evil 3: Nemesis leaned into the structure of these later areas and transformed their smaller scope into the streets of Raccoon City, with more wiggle room in the connective tissue between rooms. However, in all of these three games, there were distinct chokepoints between sections, with a major puzzle blocking progress to the next section. Code Veronica’s first disc sets up a full map of five of these smaller areas together and, as much as it can, removes chokepoints entirely. After escaping the initial prison area (half of which can only be completed later), Claire gets instant access to both the palace and the military training facility. An item obtained immediately in the palace gives access to the airport, and the residence entrance follows not far behind that. Keys for puzzles span the entire map, making revisiting older areas to discover new rooms or complete half-finished puzzles more common than the original trilogy. Code Veronica heavily relies on its adventure game trappings, emphasizing constant exploration and parallel puzzle chains over resource preservation elements or combat.

Much like in Techno BB, there’s a certain amount of complexity extracted just from moving many tiles at once. In Dialhex, these tiles are triangles embedded in a giant hexagon, and the player spins these tiles six at a time within a hexagon-shaped cursor.¹ With a gravity system and less-than-intuitive position resolution thanks to the slant of the pieces, any match (made by creating a hexagon with tiles of a single color) shakes up the stack, especially as the field fills up. By hovering the cursor in empty space, gravity ceases, and the player can suspend tiles in air to drop them into the most optimal spot. Between each of these dynamics, there’s quite the foundation here for quick thinking. Matching a full hexagon without accidentally scattering it requires pairing tiles together, as each cursor position is attached to adjacent ones by a two-tile third of the hexagon. Juggling a piece across the stack can’t be done through linear button presses either, as cursor positions are staggered against both the horizontal and vertical axes. There’s quite a lot to consider in the skill floor thanks to an original, dense base idea.